Induction currents in HVAC networks under Earth magnetic field disturbance

Виконано аналіз збурення магнітного поля Землі та його вплив на енергосистему. Розглядається механізм утворення геомагнітних індукційних струмів ГІС, які можуть негативно впливати на комунікації, у тому числі й на дальні високовольтні електричні мережі. Цей вплив зводиться до негативних факторів: насичення осердя силового трансформатора та насичення осердя вимірювального трансформатора струму за півперіод напруги мережі, оскільки у порівнянні зі струмами промислової частоти ГІС можна вважати постійними струмами.It is analyzed of a magnetic field disturbance of Earth and its influence on a power supply system. The formation mechanism of geomagnetic induced currents which can render subzero influence on communication is considered, including on extended high-voltage electric networks. This influence is taken to the negative effects such as the half-cycle saturation of power transformer and half-cycle saturation of current transformer because in compare to the alternating currents frequency the GIC can be considered direct currents.Выполнен анализ возмущения магнитного поля Земли и его влияния на энергосистему. Рассматривается механизм образования геомагнитных индуцированных токов ГИТ, которые могут оказать отрицательное влияние на коммуникации, в том числе и на протяженные высоковольтные электрические сети. Это влияние сводится к негативным факторам: насыщению сердечника силового трансформатора и насыщению сердечника измерительного трансформатора тока за полупериод напряжения сети, поскольку по сравнению с токами промышленной частоты ГИТ можно считать постоянными токами

CMM recovery, utilization and cogeneration by compressor plants

The article presents the designed schemes and compressor plants for degassing coal beds and utilizing coal mine methane (CMM) and automatic system for controlling their operation. Interdependence between methane-bearing coal structure, permeability and absorption properties are analyzed. A model of influence of gases, which differ by their sorption energy, on the coal bed and possible schemes for intensifying methane recovery from the coal beds are described. A plant was designed for degassing the underground beds, in which rotary compressor pumps out the gas mixtures and degases the beds without characteristic formation of crystalline hydrate with methane. A station was designed for mine gas utilization. A method is proposed for methane recovery, which assumes pumping of carbon dioxide into the coal bed, which, due to the higher sorption capacity than that of methane, displaces methane adsorbed by the coal. Plants УКГ (Compressor GasUtilizing Plant – CGUP) were designed for methane utilization and combustion in special chamber and for preventing methane from escaping into atmosphere, or for feeding it to the equipment for use in energy sector (production of electricity and heat). The experience on using this technology and equipment with the view to increase the coalbed methane (CBM) recovery from the coal beds is presented.Розроблено схеми і установки для дегазації вугільних пластів та утилізації шахтного метану, а також системи автоматичного керування їх роботою. Проаналізовано взаємозв'язок структури, проникності та сорбційні властивості вугілля, що вміщають метан. Запропоновано модель впливу на вугільні пласти газів, що різняться енергією сорбції, і можливі схеми інтенсифікації метановіддачі вугільних пластів. Розроблено установку для дегазації підземних пластів, в якій роторний компресор забезпечує відкачування суміші газів, унаслідок чого забезпечується дегазація пластів без традиційних для цього процесу явищ утворення кристалогідратів з метаном. Розроблено станцію для утилізації шахтного газу. Запропоновано спосіб видобутку метану, в якому реалізується накачування у вугільний пласт вуглекислого газу, що унаслідок більшої сорбційної здатності, чим у метані, витісняє адсорбований вугіллям метан. Розроблено установки для утилізації метану УКГ, що призначені для спалювання його в спеціальній камері, запобігання цим виділення в атмосферу або його подачі на устаткування для енергетичного застосування (одержання електрики і тепла). Викладено досвід застосування технологій і устаткування для підвищення метановіддачі вугільних пластів.Разработаны схемы и установки для дегазации угольных пластов и утилизации шахтного метана, а также системы автоматического управления их работой. Проанализирована взаимосвязь структуры, проницаемости и сорбционные свойства угля, вмещающие метан. Предложена модель влияния на угольные пластов газов, которые различаются энергией сорбции, и возможные схемы интенсификации метаноотдачи угольных пластов. Разработана установка для дегазации подземных пластов, в которой роторный компрессор обеспечивает откачивание смеси газов, вследствие чего обеспечивается дегазация пластов без традиционных для этого процесса явлений образования кристалогидратов с метаном. Разработана станция для утилизации шахтного газа. Предложен способ добычи метана, в котором реализуется закачка в угольный пласта углекислого газа, который вследствие большей сорбционной способности, чем в метане, вытесняет адсорбированный углем метан. Разработаны установки для утилизации метана УКГ, предназначенные для сжигания его в специальной камере, предотвращения его выделения в атмосферу или его подачи на оборудование для энергетического применения (получение электричества и тепла). Изложен опыт применения технологий и оборудования для повышения метаноотдачи угольных пластов

Improving the level of food security of the region: cluster approach

Scientific approaches to the study of food security at the regional level of the Russian Federation are considered. The main indicators characterizing the level of food security of the Vologda region have been analysed. The main problems in providing the population of the region with food products of their own production have been identified. The problem of the low level of production of meat and meat products in the region has been identified as a problem that requires the most careful attention of regional government bodies. It has been concluded that the strengthen state support for meat livestock enterprises of the region is necessary. The analysis of the opinions of domestic scientists on the application of the cluster approach to the development of the agro-industrial complex has been carried out. The expediency of creating a meat cluster of the Vologda region as a promising tool for solving the problem of the low level of provision of the population of the region with meat is justified. The results of the SWOT analysis of the meat cluster of the Vologda region have been presented. The general concept of the meat cluster of the region is proposed

Optimisation of culture conditions for a producer clone coexpressing arylsulfatase B and a formylglycine-generating enzyme in order to increase the yield of arylsulfatase B

Maroteaux—Lamy syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type VI) is an orphan genetic disease caused by mutations in the arylsulfatase B gene (ARSB), which encodes the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase B (ASB). The relevance of the study lies in the need of a Russian recombinant ASB product for patients with the disease in the Russian Federation. Previously, the authors have developed producer lines coexpressing the target ASB enzyme with an auxiliary formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE), based on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Further development of the recombinant ASB preparation places priority on increasing the enzyme yield. The aim of this study was to increase the productivity of producer clones by optimising the culture process and adding calcium chloride and copper sulfate to the culture medium. Materials and methods: a suspension-adapted CHO cell line was used. Monoclonal cell lines were developed using Cell Metric and ClonePix FL systems. The concentration of ASB in the culture liquid was determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The authors analysed batch culture and/or fed-batch culture in media supplemented with various concentrations of copper sulfate and calcium chloride. Results: the combined addition of copper sulfate and calcium chloride at concentrations of 300 μM during batch culture of producer clones coexpressing ASB and FGE increases viability and specific productivity of the cells up to 4.58±1.62 pg/ (cell×day). The cultivation of the lead producer clone coexpressing ASB and FGE under fed-batch conditions for 12 days and the addition of copper sulfate to the growth medium at the concentration of 300 μM allow for increasing the yield of the active lysosomal enzyme, arylsulfatase B, to 420 mg/L. Conclusions: the cultivation of producer clones coexpressing ASB and FGE under fed-batch conditions with copper sulfate added to the medium significantly improves cell line growth properties and the ASB yield. This approach to the selection of culture conditions for producer cell lines can be applied to other enzymes of the sulfatase family

Progressive Neurodegeneration or Endogenous Compensation in an Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease Produced by Decreasing Doses of Alpha-Synuclein

The pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) are degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) and the presence of alpha-synuclein (α-syn)-rich Lewy bodies in DA cells that remain. To model these aspects of the disease, we previously showed that high titer (5.1×10exp12 gp/ml) AAV1/2 driven expression of A53T α-syn in the SN of rats caused nigrostriatal pathology including a loss of DA neurons, but also with toxicity in the GFP control group. In the current study, we evaluate the effects of two lower titers by dilution of the vector (1∶3 [1.7×10exp12] and 1∶10 [5.1×10exp11]) to define a concentration that produced pathology specific for α-syn. In GFP and empty vector groups there were no behavioural or post-mortem changes at 3 or 6 weeks post-administration at either vector dose. Dilution of the AAV1/2 A53T α-syn (1∶3) produced significant paw use asymmetry, reductions in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and increases in DA turnover at 3 weeks in the absence of overt pathology. By 6 weeks greater evidence of pathology was observed and included, reductions in SN DA neurons, striatal DA, TH and DA-transporter, along with a sustained behavioural deficit. In contrast, the 1∶10 AAV1/2 A53T α-syn treated animals showed normalization between 3 and 6 weeks in paw use asymmetry, reductions in striatal TH, and increased DA turnover. Progression of dopaminergic deficits using the 1∶3 titer of AAV1/2 A53Tα-syn provides a platform for evaluating treatments directed at preventing and/or reversing synucleinopathy. Use of the 1∶10 titer of AAV1/2 A53T α-syn provides an opportunity to study mechanisms of endogenous compensation. Furthermore, these data highlight the need to characterize the titer of vector being utilized, when using AAV to express pathogenic proteins and model disease process, to avoid producing non-specific effects

Endoreplication Controls Cell Fate Maintenance

Cell-fate specification is typically thought to precede and determine cell-cycle regulation during differentiation. Here we show that endoreplication, also known as endoreduplication, a specialized cell-cycle variant often associated with cell differentiation but also frequently occurring in malignant cells, plays a role in maintaining cell fate. For our study we have used Arabidopsis trichomes as a model system and have manipulated endoreplication levels via mutants of cell-cycle regulators and overexpression of cell-cycle inhibitors under a trichome-specific promoter. Strikingly, a reduction of endoreplication resulted in reduced trichome numbers and caused trichomes to lose their identity. Live observations of young Arabidopsis leaves revealed that dedifferentiating trichomes re-entered mitosis and were re-integrated into the epidermal pavement-cell layer, acquiring the typical characteristics of the surrounding epidermal cells. Conversely, when we promoted endoreplication in glabrous patterning mutants, trichome fate could be restored, demonstrating that endoreplication is an important determinant of cell identity. Our data lead to a new model of cell-fate control and tissue integrity during development by revealing a cell-fate quality control system at the tissue level

Influence of Temperature and Duration of α-Fe2O3 Calcination on Reactivity in Hydrogen Oxidation

Исследовано влияние температуры и продолжительности прокаливания однофазных образцов гематита со структурой α-Fe2O3 на окислительную способность в отношении водорода в режиме температурно-программируемой реакции в интервале 40–900 °C. Показано, что температура прокаливания является существенным фактором, влияющим на реакционную способность решеточного кислорода в окислении водорода. Образцы α-Fe2O3, прокаленные при 800–900 °C, проявляют наибольшую активность, процесс восстановления α-Fe2O3 в этих образцах протекает через стадию восстановления до магнетита, с последующим полным восстановлением до металла через совмещение стадий восстановления оксидов. Прокаливание образцов α-Fe2O3 при 1000–1100 °C приводит к существенному снижению окислительной способности, восстановление α-Fe2O3 начинается при температурах на 50–100 °C выше, идет без выделения отдельных стадий восстановления, полное восстановление α-Fe2O3 до металла в исследованных условиях не происходит. Установлено, что с увеличением температуры прокаливания образцов возрастает рентгенографическая плотность α-Fe2O3, что свидетельствует о снижении степени разупорядочения кристаллической решетки, которое приводит к росту энергии связи решеточного кислорода и существенному снижению реакционной способности α-Fe2O3 в окислении водородаThe effect of temperature and duration of calcination of single-phase samples of hematite with the α-Fe2O3 structure on the oxidizing ability with respect to hydrogen in the temperature-programmed reaction mode in the temperature range of 40–900 °C was studied. It is shown that the calcination temperature is a significant factor affecting the reactivity of lattice oxygen in the oxidation of hydrogen. Samples of α-Fe2O3, calcined at 800–900 °C, show the highest activity, the process of α-Fe2O3 reduction in these samples proceeds through the stage of reduction to magnetite, followed by complete reduction to metal through the combination of reduction stages of oxides. The calcination of α-Fe2O3 samples at 1000–1100 °C leads to a significant decrease in the oxidizing ability, the α-Fe2O3 reduction initiates at temperatures 50–100 °C higher, proceeds without separating individual reduction stages of oxide, there is no complete reduction of α-Fe2O3 under the studied conditions. It has been established that with an increase in the calcination temperature of the hematite samples, the X‑ray density of α-Fe2O3 increases, which indicates a decrease in the degree of crystal lattice disorder and an increase in the binding energy of lattice oxygen and manifests itself in a significant decrease in the reactivity of α-Fe2O3 in the oxidation of hydroge

ENHANCER of TRY and CPC 2 ( ETC2 ) reveals redundancy in the region-specific control of trichome development of Arabidopsis

>An evolutionarily conserved set of proteins consisting of MYB and bHLH transcription factors and a WD40 domain protein is known to act in concert to control various developmental processes including trichome and root hair development. Their function is difficult to assess because most of them belong to multigene families and appear to act in a redundant fashion. In this study we identified an enhancer of the two root hair and trichome patterning mutants triptychon ( try ) and caprice ( cpc ), enhancer of try and cpc2 ( etc2 ). The ETC2 gene shows high sequence similarity to the single-repeat MYB genes CPC and TRY. Overexpression results in the suppression of trichomes and overproduction of root hairs similarly as observed for TRY and CPC suggesting that ETC2 has similar biochemical properties. The etc2 single mutant shows an increase in trichome number on leaves and petiols. Double and triple mutant analysis indicates that the ETC2 gene acts redundant with TRY and CPC in trichome patterning.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43456/1/11103_2004_Article_DO00000893.pd

Resistance to MPTP-Neurotoxicity in α-Synuclein Knockout Mice Is Complemented by Human α-Synuclein and Associated with Increased β-Synuclein and Akt Activation

Genetic and biochemical abnormalities of α-synuclein are associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. In the present study we investigated the in vivo interaction of mouse and human α-synuclein with the potent parkinsonian neurotoxin, MPTP. We find that while lack of mouse α-synuclein in mice is associated with reduced vulnerability to MPTP, increased levels of human α-synuclein expression is not associated with obvious changes in the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to MPTP. However, expressing human α-synuclein variants (human wild type or A53T) in the α-synuclein null mice completely restores the vulnerability of nigral dopaminergic neurons to MPTP. These results indicate that human α-synuclein can functionally replace mouse α-synuclein in regard to vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to MPTP-toxicity. Significantly, α-synuclein null mice and wild type mice were equally sensitive to neurodegeneration induced by 2′NH2-MPTP, a MPTP analog that is selective for serotoninergic and noradrenergic neurons. These results suggest that effects of α-synuclein on MPTP like compounds are selective for nigral dopaminergic neurons. Immunoblot analysis of β-synuclein and Akt levels in the mice reveals selective increases in β-synuclein and phosphorylated Akt levels in ventral midbrain, but not in other brain regions, of α-synuclein null mice, implicating the α-synuclein-level dependent regulation of β-synuclein expression in modulation of MPTP-toxicity by α-synuclein. Together these findings provide new mechanistic insights on the role α-synuclein in modulating neurodegenerative phenotypes by regulation of Akt-mediated cell survival signaling in vivo

Positional Signaling and Expression of ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC1 Are Tuned to Increase Root Hair Density in Response Phosphate Deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana

Phosphate (Pi) deficiency induces a multitude of responses aimed at improving the acquisition of Pi, including an increased density of root hairs. To understand the mechanisms involved in Pi deficiency-induced alterations of the root hair phenotype in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), we analyzed the patterning and length of root epidermal cells under control and Pi-deficient conditions in wild-type plants and in four mutants defective in the expression of master regulators of cell fate, CAPRICE (CPC), ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC 1 (ETC1), WEREWOLF (WER) and SCRAMBLED (SCM). From this analysis we deduced that the longitudinal cell length of root epidermal cells is dependent on the correct perception of a positional signal (‘cortical bias’) in both control and Pi-deficient plants; mutants defective in the receptor of the signal, SCM, produced short cells characteristic of root hair-forming cells (trichoblasts). Simulating the effect of cortical bias on the time-evolving probability of cell fate supports a scenario in which a compromised positional signal delays the time point at which non-hair cells opt out the default trichoblast pathway, resulting in short, trichoblast-like non-hair cells. Collectively, our data show that Pi-deficient plants increase root hair density by the formation of shorter cells, resulting in a higher frequency of hairs per unit root length, and additional trichoblast cell fate assignment via increased expression of ETC1